How to Disinfect Rainwater for Drinking

You can usually drink rain straight from the sky, but if youre collecting and storing it, youll want to disinfect rainwater for drinking and cleaning. Fortunately, there are simple disinfection methods to use, whether you have power or not. This is handy information to know in case youre stuck after a storm without water or youre out camping. The same techniques can be used to prepare snow for drinking, too. Quick Methods to Disinfect Water Boiling - Reduce pathogens by boiling water for 1 minute at a rolling boil or 3 minutes if youre at an altitude greater than 2,000 meters (6,562 feet). The longer boiling time at high altitude is because water boils at a lower temperature. The recommended duration comes from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). If you store freshly boiled water in sterile containers (which can be boiled) and seal them, the water will remain safe indefinitely. Bleach - For disinfection, add 2.3 fluid ounces of household bleach (sodium hypochlorite in water)  per 1,000 gallons of water (in other words, for a small volume of water, a splash of bleach is  more than sufficient). Allow 30 minutes for the chemicals to react.  It may seem obvious, but use unscented bleach since the scented sort includes perfumes and other undesirable chemicals.  Bleach dosage is not a hard-and-fast rule because its effectiveness depends on the temperature of the water and pH. Also, be aware that bleach may react with chemicals in the water to produce toxic gases (mostly a concern with turbid or cloudy water). Its not ideal to add bleach to water and immediately seal it in containers — its better to wait for any fumes to dissipate. Although drinking straight bleach is dangerous, the small concentration used to disinfect water isnt likely to cause problems.  Bleach dissipates within 24 hours.   Why Would You Disinfect Rainwater? The point of disinfection is to remove disease-causing microbes, which include bacteria, algae, and fungi. Rain generally doesnt contain any more microbes than any other drinking water (its often cleaner than groundwater or surface water), so its usually fine to drink or use for other purposes. If the water falls into a clean cistern or bucket, its still fine. In fact, most people who collect rainwater use it without applying any treatment. Microbial contamination of rain is less of a threat than toxins that might be in the water from surfaces it touched. However, those toxins require filtration or special treatment. What were talking about here is pure rain. Technically, you dont have to disinfect it, but most public agencies recommend taking the extra precaution to prevent illness. Ways to Disinfect Water There are four broad categories of disinfection methods: heat, filtration, irradiation, and chemical methods. Boiling water is an excellent method, but obviously, it only helps if you have a heat source. Boiling water can kill some pathogens, but it does not remove heavy metals, nitrate, pesticides, or other chemical contamination.Chlorine, iodine, and ozone are most often used for chemical disinfection. Chlorination can leave potentially toxic by-products, plus it doesnt kill all cysts or viruses. Iodination is effective, but leaves an unpleasant taste. Use of iodine is not recommended when preparing water for pregnant women or people with thyroid problems.  Adding ozone is effective, but not widely available.Irradiation is accomplished using an ultraviolet light or exposure to strong sunlight. UV light kills bacteria and viruses, but doesnt kill all the algae or cysts of pathogenic organisms. Sunlight is effective if the water is sufficiently clear, the light is bright enough, and the water is exposed to light long enough. There are too many variables to give firm recommendations on use of this method.Microfiltration effectiveness depends on the pore size of the filter. The smaller the pore size, the better the filtration, but its also slower. This technique removes all pathogens. Other techniques are becoming more widespread, including electrolysis, nano-alumina filtration, and LED irradiation.

International Economics The Standard Trade Model

International Economics THE STANDARD TRADE MODEL The standard trade model is a model that does not rely solely and strongly on the supply side knowledge of an economy. In a distinct way, Specific factor model, the Heckscher-Ohlin model and the Ricardian model, are special cases of the Standard trade model †¢ Two goods: food represented by F and cloth represented by C †¢ Technology: production possibility frontier is bowed-out †¢ Relative price: such that PC/PF †¢ There is efficient level of production: one maximizes the output value given market prices: for example PF QF+ PC QC †¢ The Isovalue line: is the line such the value V as an output is constant: V = PF QF+ PC QC QF = V/ PF – (PC / PF) QC †¢ if we let DC and DF be consumption; then the economy’s consumption value is equal to the value of its production: V = PF QF +PC QC = PF DF + PC DC Efficiency in the level of consumption: the economy’s welfare is maximized by the one on the isovalue line. The economy exports one of the goods, and imports the other when the efficient level of consumption does not coincide with the efficient level of production. Assumptions âž ¢ There is an identical homothetic preference; that is exact aggregation possible. âž ¢ The Country s demands can be found using same indifference curves as â€Å"social ICs† âž ¢ A perfectly competitive market was assumed. Two countries, Home and Foreign are involved. âž ¢ Only two goods can be traded hence a bowed-out production possibility frontier. âž ¢ There is a constantShow MoreRelatedThe Gravity Model of Trade: Do Size and Distance Matter for the Exports of Japan?998 Words   |  4 PagesTHE GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE 1 Assignment 1: The Gravity Model Of Trade: Do Size And Distance Matter For The Exports Of Japan? THE GRAVITY MODEL OF TRADE 2 Abstract In the field of international economics, the gravity model for trade reveals that bilateral trade is directly proportional with the extent of the economy (usually expressed in GDP) and inversely proportional with the geographical distance between the analysed entities. The present report illustrates the model for the caseRead MoreInternational Factors and Multinational Corporations1724 Words   |  7 PagesRegional Trade Agreements and Global trade liberalization are common terms that are used to analyze different market structures in the market. 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The Effects of Globalization on Public Relations Essay

Globalisation has resulted in public relation industries to struggle in cultivating culture in their practices as they are now constantly dealing with an intertwined global flow of people, technology, finance, ideas and images internationally (Appadurai, 1990) (Sriramesh, 2007). This has pushed them to sensitise the concept of public relations towards a more culturally inclined approach (Pal Dutta, 2008, 161). With its increased demand as a communicative tool to the public, the concept of public relations has shifted beyond its functional process which dominance the organisation’s interest to being a socio-cultural activity that positions public relation practitioners in the society (Edwards Hodges, 2011). Hence, public relations†¦show more content†¦As a carrier of traditions and transformations, understanding of culture is important as it is influential. Within this grey area, meaningful identities and relationships can be formed which is suggested as a necessity in public relations framework (Pal Dutta, 2008). Understanding culture also shapes a society to a certain extent (Hodges, 2006, 83). According to Wakefield (2010), culture has the ability in effecting the type of public relation activities carried out in a particular society or even country (Wakefield, 2010, 665). With this, public relations practitioners are commonly identified as â€Å"cultural agents† for their need to monitor the societal and cultural progressions in a society, community or country (Banks, 2000, 3). As a result of this shift, public relation practices are more interactive instead of passive. It looks beyond the functional process as they are now engaging with a more diverse audience. With the knowledge of anthropology, it enables practitioners to be more aware and attuned to the different cultural practices and values associated with a specific country. 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The majority of workers in sweatshops are women and the

Crystal Pepsi free essay sample

Pepsi detected what it considered to be a gap in the market. What the world was waiting for, the company decided, was a clear cola. After all, there were already a wide variety of diet colas, cherry colas, sugar free colas, caffeine free colas, colas with added caffeine and all of these had achieved a certain level of success. So, why not a clear cola? After months of tests and experiments, the company managed to obtain a new and clear formula and decided to call it â€Å"Pepsi Crystal†. They also manufactured a diet version: Diet Crystal Pepsi. Both products, Pepsi believed, answered the â€Å"new demand for purity† of the consumer. After all, it was a time when consumers were starting to decide between a bottle of Evian or Perrier with the same frequency as they were deciding between Coke and Pepsi. The only problem was that people expected that a product with the word â€Å"Pepsi† in its name would have the taste of – Pepsi! In fact, no one seemed to know what it tasted of! After a little more than a year, Pepsi stopped production of Crystal Pepsi and started working on a new, clearer formula. We will write a custom essay sample on Crystal Pepsi or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1994, the remade product appeared on the shop shelves with the simple name Crystal and only made in the normal version. However, the negative perceptions continued and the second version of Crystal was even worse than its unpopular predecessor. Pepsi finally admitted defeat and completely eliminated the concept of clear cola. But as it never wanted to give in completely, it continued to be aware of the â€Å"demand for purity of the new consumer†. In 1994, the same year that it had launched Crystal, Pepsi decided that it wanted a part of the growing market of bottle water. So, it launched its own bottled water product, called Aguafina, which had considerably better success than Crystal in the American market. In addition, had more general marketing problems over the years. In particular, it had problems differentiating itself from Coca Cola. As it wasn? t the first to commercialise the category of cola, Pepsi was never going to be the generic name. It was very rare that people said â€Å"I? m going to have a Pepsi†. Even if they had a bottle of Pepsi in the fridge it was more likely that they said â€Å"I? m going to have a Coke†. However, in spite of the fact that this situation couldn? t be avoided for many years the Pepsi brand couldn? t manage to give the product a distinctive identity. In addition to this an important fact is that Pepsi infringed what Al and Laura Ries call â€Å"The Law of colour, one of its 22 Immutable Laws of Branding†, in the book of the same name. They say: â€Å"There is a very dominant logic in selecting a colour that is the opposite of your most important competitors .. Cola is a reddy-brown colour, so the logical colour for the brand is red. This is the reason that Coca Cola has been using red for more than 100 years. Pepsi-Cola made a bad choice. It chose red and blue as colours of the brand. The red to symbolise the cola and the blue to differentiate the brand from Coca-Cola. For years Pepsi has struggled with a less than ideal solution to the colour strategy of Coca-Cola. However, not long ago Pepsi sacrificed the colour red in favour of blue in order to create a distinction between the two leaders. Now Coca-Cola means red and Pepsi means blue.